Lecture 06 Tuesday March 20 2008

organizing idea of these lectures

  • relationship between genotype and phenotype
  • mapping genotype on to the phenotype
  • this has been tried for decades without progress
  • How do you take the linear base sequence in DNA and turn it into a 3 dimensional organism?

Mutations in DNA can have effects on all the different levels of organization

  • changes in cellular behaviour
  • changes perforate into higher levels of organization
  • changes in the organismal level

degree of effect depends on not only amino acid sequence but environment

  • one of the problems
  • sickle cell anima is exacerbated by high altitude low oxygen environments
  • difficult to predict pheotypical outcomes

levels of organization often have reliable rules that can be used to predict outcomes

  • Mendal - breeding experiments - his rules of transmission genetics depend on the dance of meiosis
  • part of our call in the CSB department is to understand the rules at different levels of organization

Self organized activities

  • mediate a lot of the phenotypes we see
  • these are largely self organized phenomenon

Breathing is about chemical energy

  • we break down carbon molecules and get co2, water and oxygen
  • oxygen is a fuel that helps transport chemical energy to different parts of our body
  • hemoglobin likes oxygen a lot - through fusion it grabs oxygen
  • in a less oxygenated state the hemoglobin gives up oxygen to the organs

red blood cells

  • looks like a donut
  • blood cells do not have any nuclei
  • the nuclei were present in the bone marrow at the inception of the blood cell
  • however, RNA takes over and sits there and produces hemoglobins (which can last for a month)
  • no nucleous not dna - completely self organized

human genome project

  • 1% of genes do not have a similar gene that can be found in other animals (similar in catalytic sequence/ binding site)
  • homologues = derived from a common ancestor
  • later that 1% of genes have been identified in other animals as bacteria injected DNA

this was startling

  • the human genome were suppose to be all the instructions for how to build a human
  • now we find out the set of instructions is the same instructions for every living animal
  • the idea of a toolkit has been reinforced - what is different is how we use the tools that makes us unique

combinatorial schemes

  • there are 100 - 150 basic atoms in the world
  • combinations, patterns,
  • if these patterns are timed in space you can get even more
  • 22 fundemental amino acids
  • 3 subatomic particles

combinatorial schemes in culture

  • underscore the importance of environment and context
  • gene content is mutable and changeable depending on context

Heat Shock Promoter

  • rising the temperature turns on heat sensitive promoter
  • through transgenic technology you can place the antenpedia gene on this promoter
  • this gene will turn antennia into legs
  • everyother spot on the fruit fly body is affected but only the antenees had the appropriate context to respond to the transgene and produce and effect

higher level structure tool kits

  • modules
  • phytogenetic trees
  • fossil evidence from 4 billion years ago
  • procaryotes have no nucleous
  • membrane bound structure = nucleous

mitochondria

  • mitochondria - capture sugar molecules and store them as atp's
  • mitochondria can up the atp output of sugar by 24 atp
  • mitochondria were initially bacteria and their link up with the nucelous was a slave master relationship that produced synergistic effects
  • mitochondria are simbiants - a combination of two seperate organisms
  • coanalflagilates

plants

  • allegia has plastid that creates cloroplast
  • another prokyarote transfer into the mix
  • chloroplast as well as mitochondria
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